Bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
“Bian Zhongyun.” China Historical Figures. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.china-historical-figures.com/wordpress/?attachment_id=71>.
I used this portrait of Bian Zhongyun to give viewers a sense of what she looked like. This photos proves that she was killed by the Red Guards at an young age.
Campaigns 1966-1976. Chinese Posters. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://chineseposters.net/themes/cultural-revolution-campaigns.php>.
This source is a gather of propaganda posters that promoted people to follow Mao’s idea. These posters were used by the Red Guards to fulfilled their responsibilities of leading the country towards Mao’s ideal society. By looking at this source, I was able to understand the Red Guards’ enormous power during the Revolution.
Cultural Revolution Photograph. Morning Sun. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html#>.
These real photographs help people to visualize and the power of propagandas, Mao’s cult of personality, and the cruelness of the persecutions of the innocent Chinese. There are photos of happy youths with Chairman Mao which reveal the trust established between them. These photos do not necessarily show truth behind the scenes of the Cultural Revolution, but it is clear that Mao was a really effective leader.
Jiang, Shaowu. “30000 People Rallying in Shenyang.” Boxun. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2009/08/200908120714.shtml>.
This photo powerfully demonstrated how class enemies were persecuted during the Revolution, allowing the viewers to see the cruelness of the Red Guards.
Li, Zhensheng. “School Children Parading through the Streets.” Contact Press Images. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://contact.photoshelter.com/gallery/Li-Zhensheng-Red-Color-News-Soldier-Book/G0000rN8yxCx.Bk0/C0000czlAAq16AeA>.
This photo of a group of Red Guards holding spears shows their strong will of defending the class enemies.
Mao, Zedong. “A Letter to Qinghua University Middle School Red Guards.” Letter. China News Digest. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.cnd.org/cr/ZK96/zk99.hz8.html#1a>.
This letter reveals Mao’s support and advice given to the Red Guards. He talks about their responsibilities and encourages them to work together to bring changes to China. Ising this source as a piece of evidence in my project demonstated the way Mao led the Red Guards and ideas they took in from him. Mao’s effectiveness is clearly shown in this letter.
“Mao and the Rising Sun.” Die Welt. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.welt.de/wall-street-journal/article107809053/Die-Volksrepublik-steht-vor-dem-Absturz.html>.
This picture was a propaganda during the Cultural Revolution that illustrated Mao as a hero whom everyone should love.
- - -. The Little Red Book. 1966. Morning Sun. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.morningsun.org/living/redbook/toc.html>.
This is a book of Mao’s quotations all Red Guards and the rest of the Chinese population owned during the Cultural Revolution. It explicitly shows Mao’s plans towards proletarianism. The reasons of the action made by the red guards can be interpret from this book because Mao’s sayings were the ideas the red guards followed.
“Pulling down the ‘Ultimate Sage Stele.’” China Heritage Quarterly. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020>.
This photo off a scene during the destruction of the Confucius Temple shows the Red Guards’ recklessness, as they tried to reach Mao’s expectation of them.
“Red Guards at Tiananmen Square, Beijing.” AGPix. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.agpix.com/view_caption.php?image_id=372089&photog=1>.
This photo shows the numerous amount of Red Guards who actioned to fulfill their responsibilities and wanted to receive recognition.
Red Guards’ Battle Song. Baidu Music. Web. 1 Feb. 2014.
This song is written by the Red Guards originally to create a sense of togetherness in carry out responsibilities given by Mao. I put this on the homepage to draw viewers into the mood of my topic.
Shao, Rui. Telephone interview. 30 Jan. 2014.
Rui Shao, my grandfather, experienced the Cultural Revolution during his early years. This interview reveals all his thoughts about the Revolution and his personal persecution experience. I included this interview because I think a personal account of the Revolution adds more realism to this historical event, and affects readers greatly.
Shen, Fan. Gang of One: Memoirs of a Red Guard. Print.
This memoir of Shen tells readers the truth of the revolution, which was more than just brainwashing people’s ideas. This source takes readers behind the scenes of the Cultural Revolution. It gives people chance to view the revolution as well as what’s it like being a red guard from a red guard’s own perspective.
Taking of the Plague in the Confucius temple. China Heritage Quarterly. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020>.
This photo shows a scene from the destruction of the ancient of the Confucius Temple, revealing the wildness of the Red Guards.
Weng, Naiqiang. “Red Guards on Tiananmen Square.” Photography of China. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.photographyofchina.com/blog/weng-naiqiang>.
This website provides photos during the Cultural Revolution that show the Chinese people’s enthusiastic support given to Mao and the Communist government. I used a photo from this source on the homepage to show the effect of Mao’s cult of personality.
Zhuang, Xiao. The Little Red Guards. 1966. 798 Photo Gallery. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://www.798photogallery.cn/EN/photographer/photographer_14.html>.
This photography with the Red Guards holding copies of “The Little Red Book” shows their supports and loyalty to Mao. I put this photo on the home page to draw viewers’ attention towards the physical appearance of youths during the Revolution.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Hay, Jeff. The Chinese Cultural Revolution. 2012 vols. Print.
This source gives an overview of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, with a combination of both primary and secondary source.The detail descriptions of specific incidents as well as the rich evidence in this book that are from multiple perspectives during the Cultural Revolution are particularly helpful to the evidence portions of my project. This book showed different people’s responsibilities during the Revolution.
Israel, John. “The Red Guards in Historical Perspective: Continuity and Change in the Chinese Youth Movement.” China Quarterly No.30 (1967): 1-32. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
This journal article that focuses on the entire process of the red guard movement. By analyzing the topic through a historical perspective, readers are able to see a lot of interesting happenings during the movement, including how the youths were capable of doing all kinds of good and bad things in order to fulfill their responsibilities that were enforced by Mao. This source have deeper analysis of the incidents involving Red Guards based on the Chinese government issues before the revolution.
Lindsay, Michael. “The Great Cultural Revolution and the Red Guards.” World Affairs 129.No.4 (1967): 225-32. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
This source describes and analyzes the red guard movement in relation to the “problems” Mao attempted to solve in China. Several detailed parts about the true purpose of the revolution allow readers to see the connection between Mao’s encouragement and the red guards’ action. The analyzations of the purpose and impact of the movement helps me to explain why the red guard movement was necessary in the revolution.
MacFarguhar, Roderick. Mao’s Last Revolution. New York: Crowell, 1983. Print.
This source covers the entire revolution from 1966-1976, with the important incidents during the Cultural Revolution and the “how” and “why” well described. It is an easily understandable source and it helps me to map out a timeline of the start, height, and end of the Cultural Revolution.
MacFarquhar, Roderick. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution. New York: 1974-1997. Print.
Focusing particularly on the great leap forward period before the the start of the Cultural Revolution, this book allows people to understand the historical context linked to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. It gives me a good foundation for further researches on the details during the Cultural Revolution.
The Red Guards’ Path to Violence. New York: Praeger, 1991. Print.
This source gives readers insights on how teenagers at that time period were able to justify violence in the name of socialism. It has detailed overview of the movement and examples of true incidents during the cultural revolution that reflect the red guards’ obedience towards Mao’s ideas the theme “rights and responsibilities.”
Walder, Andrew G. Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Print.
This source is a full-length account of the Red Guard Movement in Beijing from 1966 to 1968. It gives reader in depth knowledge of first half of entire red guard movement. It combines analysis with narrative on the movement and the social impacts the Red Guard made.
“Bian Zhongyun.” China Historical Figures. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.china-historical-figures.com/wordpress/?attachment_id=71>.
I used this portrait of Bian Zhongyun to give viewers a sense of what she looked like. This photos proves that she was killed by the Red Guards at an young age.
Campaigns 1966-1976. Chinese Posters. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://chineseposters.net/themes/cultural-revolution-campaigns.php>.
This source is a gather of propaganda posters that promoted people to follow Mao’s idea. These posters were used by the Red Guards to fulfilled their responsibilities of leading the country towards Mao’s ideal society. By looking at this source, I was able to understand the Red Guards’ enormous power during the Revolution.
Cultural Revolution Photograph. Morning Sun. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html#>.
These real photographs help people to visualize and the power of propagandas, Mao’s cult of personality, and the cruelness of the persecutions of the innocent Chinese. There are photos of happy youths with Chairman Mao which reveal the trust established between them. These photos do not necessarily show truth behind the scenes of the Cultural Revolution, but it is clear that Mao was a really effective leader.
Jiang, Shaowu. “30000 People Rallying in Shenyang.” Boxun. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2009/08/200908120714.shtml>.
This photo powerfully demonstrated how class enemies were persecuted during the Revolution, allowing the viewers to see the cruelness of the Red Guards.
Li, Zhensheng. “School Children Parading through the Streets.” Contact Press Images. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://contact.photoshelter.com/gallery/Li-Zhensheng-Red-Color-News-Soldier-Book/G0000rN8yxCx.Bk0/C0000czlAAq16AeA>.
This photo of a group of Red Guards holding spears shows their strong will of defending the class enemies.
Mao, Zedong. “A Letter to Qinghua University Middle School Red Guards.” Letter. China News Digest. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.cnd.org/cr/ZK96/zk99.hz8.html#1a>.
This letter reveals Mao’s support and advice given to the Red Guards. He talks about their responsibilities and encourages them to work together to bring changes to China. Ising this source as a piece of evidence in my project demonstated the way Mao led the Red Guards and ideas they took in from him. Mao’s effectiveness is clearly shown in this letter.
“Mao and the Rising Sun.” Die Welt. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.welt.de/wall-street-journal/article107809053/Die-Volksrepublik-steht-vor-dem-Absturz.html>.
This picture was a propaganda during the Cultural Revolution that illustrated Mao as a hero whom everyone should love.
- - -. The Little Red Book. 1966. Morning Sun. Web. 7 Nov. 2013. <http://www.morningsun.org/living/redbook/toc.html>.
This is a book of Mao’s quotations all Red Guards and the rest of the Chinese population owned during the Cultural Revolution. It explicitly shows Mao’s plans towards proletarianism. The reasons of the action made by the red guards can be interpret from this book because Mao’s sayings were the ideas the red guards followed.
“Pulling down the ‘Ultimate Sage Stele.’” China Heritage Quarterly. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020>.
This photo off a scene during the destruction of the Confucius Temple shows the Red Guards’ recklessness, as they tried to reach Mao’s expectation of them.
“Red Guards at Tiananmen Square, Beijing.” AGPix. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.agpix.com/view_caption.php?image_id=372089&photog=1>.
This photo shows the numerous amount of Red Guards who actioned to fulfill their responsibilities and wanted to receive recognition.
Red Guards’ Battle Song. Baidu Music. Web. 1 Feb. 2014.
This song is written by the Red Guards originally to create a sense of togetherness in carry out responsibilities given by Mao. I put this on the homepage to draw viewers into the mood of my topic.
Shao, Rui. Telephone interview. 30 Jan. 2014.
Rui Shao, my grandfather, experienced the Cultural Revolution during his early years. This interview reveals all his thoughts about the Revolution and his personal persecution experience. I included this interview because I think a personal account of the Revolution adds more realism to this historical event, and affects readers greatly.
Shen, Fan. Gang of One: Memoirs of a Red Guard. Print.
This memoir of Shen tells readers the truth of the revolution, which was more than just brainwashing people’s ideas. This source takes readers behind the scenes of the Cultural Revolution. It gives people chance to view the revolution as well as what’s it like being a red guard from a red guard’s own perspective.
Taking of the Plague in the Confucius temple. China Heritage Quarterly. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=020_confucius.inc&issue=020>.
This photo shows a scene from the destruction of the ancient of the Confucius Temple, revealing the wildness of the Red Guards.
Weng, Naiqiang. “Red Guards on Tiananmen Square.” Photography of China. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.photographyofchina.com/blog/weng-naiqiang>.
This website provides photos during the Cultural Revolution that show the Chinese people’s enthusiastic support given to Mao and the Communist government. I used a photo from this source on the homepage to show the effect of Mao’s cult of personality.
Zhuang, Xiao. The Little Red Guards. 1966. 798 Photo Gallery. Web. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://www.798photogallery.cn/EN/photographer/photographer_14.html>.
This photography with the Red Guards holding copies of “The Little Red Book” shows their supports and loyalty to Mao. I put this photo on the home page to draw viewers’ attention towards the physical appearance of youths during the Revolution.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Hay, Jeff. The Chinese Cultural Revolution. 2012 vols. Print.
This source gives an overview of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, with a combination of both primary and secondary source.The detail descriptions of specific incidents as well as the rich evidence in this book that are from multiple perspectives during the Cultural Revolution are particularly helpful to the evidence portions of my project. This book showed different people’s responsibilities during the Revolution.
Israel, John. “The Red Guards in Historical Perspective: Continuity and Change in the Chinese Youth Movement.” China Quarterly No.30 (1967): 1-32. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
This journal article that focuses on the entire process of the red guard movement. By analyzing the topic through a historical perspective, readers are able to see a lot of interesting happenings during the movement, including how the youths were capable of doing all kinds of good and bad things in order to fulfill their responsibilities that were enforced by Mao. This source have deeper analysis of the incidents involving Red Guards based on the Chinese government issues before the revolution.
Lindsay, Michael. “The Great Cultural Revolution and the Red Guards.” World Affairs 129.No.4 (1967): 225-32. JSTOR. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
This source describes and analyzes the red guard movement in relation to the “problems” Mao attempted to solve in China. Several detailed parts about the true purpose of the revolution allow readers to see the connection between Mao’s encouragement and the red guards’ action. The analyzations of the purpose and impact of the movement helps me to explain why the red guard movement was necessary in the revolution.
MacFarguhar, Roderick. Mao’s Last Revolution. New York: Crowell, 1983. Print.
This source covers the entire revolution from 1966-1976, with the important incidents during the Cultural Revolution and the “how” and “why” well described. It is an easily understandable source and it helps me to map out a timeline of the start, height, and end of the Cultural Revolution.
MacFarquhar, Roderick. The Origins of the Cultural Revolution. New York: 1974-1997. Print.
Focusing particularly on the great leap forward period before the the start of the Cultural Revolution, this book allows people to understand the historical context linked to the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. It gives me a good foundation for further researches on the details during the Cultural Revolution.
The Red Guards’ Path to Violence. New York: Praeger, 1991. Print.
This source gives readers insights on how teenagers at that time period were able to justify violence in the name of socialism. It has detailed overview of the movement and examples of true incidents during the cultural revolution that reflect the red guards’ obedience towards Mao’s ideas the theme “rights and responsibilities.”
Walder, Andrew G. Fractured Rebellion: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. Print.
This source is a full-length account of the Red Guard Movement in Beijing from 1966 to 1968. It gives reader in depth knowledge of first half of entire red guard movement. It combines analysis with narrative on the movement and the social impacts the Red Guard made.